Introduction

Efforts to work against the practice of impunity for major international crimes and violations of fundamental human rights and to develop international guidelines against the practice are discussed

International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes

There are both gaps and weaknesses in the various sources of International Criminal Law in norms and enforcement modalities. A comprehensive international codification would solve these problems, but this is not forthcoming

Mise en perspective des contributions des DG et des DSI dans la dyna-mique de l’alignement stratégique des TIC sous le prisme de la culture individuelle

International audienc

Finite Volume Cumulant Expansion in QCD-Colorless Plasma

Due to the finite size effects, the localisation of the phase transition in finite systems and the determination of its order, become an extremely difficult task, even in the simplest known cases. In order to identify and locate the finite volume transition point $T_{0}(V)$ of the QCD deconfinement phase transition to a Colorless QGP, we have developed a new approach using the finite size cumulant expansion of the order parameter and the $L_{mn}$-method. The first six cumulants $C_{1,2,3,4,5,6}$ with the corresponding under-normalized ratios(skewness $\Sigma$, kurtosis $\kappa$ ,pentosis $\Pi_{\pm}$ and hexosis $\mathcal{H}_{1,2,3}$) and three unnormalized combinations of them ($\mathcal{O}={\mathcal{\sigma }^{2} \mathcal{\kappa } }{\mathbf{\Sigma }^{-1} }$, $\mathcal{U} ={\mathcal{\sigma }^{-2} \mathbf{\Sigma }^{-1} }$, $\mathcal{N} = \mathcal{\sigma }^{2} \mathcal{\kappa }$) are calculated and studied as functions of $(T,V)$. A new approach, unifying in a clear and consistent way the definitions of cumulant ratios, is proposed. A numerical FSS analysis of the obtained results has allowed us to locate accurately the finite volume transition point. The extracted transition temperature value $T_{0}(V)$ agrees with that expected $T_{0}^{N}(V)$ from the order parameter and the thermal susceptibility $\chi _{T}\left( T,V\right)$, according to the standard procedure of localization to within about $2\%$. In addition to this, a very good correlation factor is obtained proving the validity of our cumulants method. The agreement of our results with those obtained by means of other models is remarkable.Comment: 19 pages,14 figues, figures 4,5,6 figures are oversized, therefore, can be obtained directly from [email protected],Accepted for publication in EPJ

Post-Conflict Justice in Iraq: An Appraisal of the Iraq Special Tribunal

Argues that post-conflict justice is desperately needed in Iraq. The desire of the Iraqi people for post-conflict justice against Saddam Hussein\u27s regime has been overshadowed by the 2003 invasion by coalition forces, post-occupation internal violence, & Abu Ghraib torture by American forces. The goals of post-conflict justice include enhancing social reconciliation while avoiding individual acts of vengeance; restoring an independent judiciary; holding officials responsible for systematic repression; & prosecuting Saddam. The evolution of post-conflict justice proposals over the last decade is traced. It is acknowledged that the establishment of the Iraq Special Tribunal was an important first step on the path to post-conflict justice; however, its many flaws are pointed out, including the Tribunal\u27s exceptional nature. Other issues discussed include appointing judges & prosecutors; determining the qualifications of judges; providing adequate compensation; defining the core crimes; & outlining matter of procedure & evidence. Suggestions are made for ways to improve the judiciarys capacity, sustain the rule of law, & enhance democracy so that genuine post-conflict justice can be realized in Iraq. Tables. J. Lindrot

Eight United NAtions Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders

The various forms and manifestations of international and transnational criminality require a comprehensive approach by the international community from which effective strategies of prevention, control, and suppression can follow